水铝钙石类阴离子黏土在水污染处理领域应用的研究现状

水铝钙石(Hydrocalumite)是一种阴离子黏土,又称"弗里德尔盐"(Friedel’s Salt),属于层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs),可通过多种低成本方法人工合成.水铝钙石的层间阴离子具有可交换性,且在一定温度范围内焙烧时所获产物在水溶液中具有层状结构可恢复性,因此在水污染和固体废物处理领域有很大应用价值,已被用于水中B(OH)4-、SeO24-、CrO24-、MoO24-、Zn2+等无机组分和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、甲基橙(MO)、酸性大红(GR)等有机组分的去除实验研究,以及粉煤灰等典型固体废物在填埋前的预处理研究.水铝钙石类阴离子黏土对水中有害组分的去除效果受到离子种类和性质、溶液pH、去除产物溶度积常数等多种因素的影响,所涉及去除机理包括离子交换、溶解-沉淀、表面吸附等.当前利用水铝钙石去除水污染的研究基本局限于实验室研究阶段,并在严格控制的实验条件下进行,因而今后应加强其处理实际受污染水体和原生劣质水的实验研究,并尝试作为填充材料在可渗透性反应墙(PRB)等水污染原位处理装置中加以应用.     

用于组织和产品碳足迹的中国电力温室气体排放因子

讨论了组织和产品碳足迹与清洁发展机制(CDM)在计算电力温室气体排放因子方法上的区别,在发改委电力排放因子的基础上进行了多项修正与补充,分别得到用于组织和产品碳足迹的中国电力温室气体排放因子.结果表明,发改委发布的电力基准线排放因子与本文得出的组织和产品碳足迹的排放因子有显著差距,不应混用.本文计算的排放因子可为国内组织及产品碳足迹研究提供更恰当的数据来源.     

考虑峰后软化的圆形巷道稳定性分析及工程应用

为获得更准确的巷道围岩应力分布和变形特征,基于统一强度理论,考虑围岩塑性软化和中间主应力的影响,引入塑性软化参数,推导出巷道围岩弹塑性区应力、塑性区范围和位移的表达式。通过算例分析,得到塑性软化系数和中间主应力等相关参数对巷道围岩应力分布、塑性区半径和位移的影响规律。研究结果表明:随内摩擦角软化系数和黏聚力软化系数的增大,围岩塑性区半径和位移呈现先急剧后缓慢的减小趋势;中间主应力系数对巷道围岩弹塑性应力有着显著影响,中间主应力系数越大,围岩塑性区半径和位移越小。     

浸取方式对废物水泥窑共处置产品中Pb,Cd和Ni浸出的影响

模拟煅烧试验制取含Pb,Cd和Ni的水泥熟料,并将其制成混凝土样品,通过水槽浸出试验研究间歇浸取方式对混凝土中Pb,Cd和Ni释放的影响. 结果表明:间歇碳化保存处理浸出液的pH为9.5～10.4,低于连续浸取处理浸出液的pH(10.3～11.0),而间歇自然保存处理的浸出液pH则与连续浸取处理浸出液的pH相近;间歇浸取过程的碳酸化作用增加了混凝土中Pb和Cd的释放,表现为间歇浸取碳化保存处理的累积浸出量最大(Pb和Cd分别为686和332 mg/m2),连续浸取处理的累积浸出量最低(Pb和Cd分别为480和203 mg/m2);间歇处理对Ni的释放影响与Pb和Cd的不同,连续浸取处理的累积浸出量最大,为155 mg/m2,而间歇碳化保存处理的累积浸出量(85 mg/m2)最小.      

气田企业天然气产品节能量计算方法探讨

研究比较现有国内外节能量计算方法,遵循国家标准中节能量计算的基本原则,按照能量物流平衡原理,考虑气田产量自然递减等因素对气田企业综合能耗的影响,对国家标准中的企业产品节能量计算公式进行修正,建立了符合气田生产特点和气田节能实际的气田企业天然气产品节能量计算公式。     

Applying 3DCE to environmentally responsible manufacturing practices

A review of recent literature in the fields of operations, supply chain, and management indicates there is on-going interest in improving new product development (NPD) performance. Three-dimensional concurrent engineering (3DCE), the simultaneous design of product, process and supply chain have been proposed as a way to improve traditional NPD outcomes, such as reduced time to market, lower costs, and improved customer acceptance. There appears to be a lesser concern associated with the environmental impacts of new products. Environmentally responsible manufacturing (ERM) on new product development focuses on reduced emissions, hazardous materials elimination, and lower product weight without sacrificing functionality. This paper explores the following issue: will employing 3DCE to integrate NPD and ERM yield better benefits than the separate and uncoordinated application of environmental goals and NPD initiatives?     

关于呼和浩特市中水回用系统的设想

呼和浩特市地处北方干旱缺水区,而中水回用系统能实现污水资源化,增加可利用的水资源;同时实现生活污水无害化,减少水污染。     

Multiobjective optimisation method for life-cycle design of mechanical products

Manufacturing that minimises the exhaustion of natural resources, energy used and deleterious environmental impact is increasingly demanded by societies that seek to protect global environments as much as possible. To achieve this, life-cycle design (LCD) is an essential component of product design scenarios; however, LCD approaches have not been well integrated in optimal design methods that support quantitative decision-making. This study presents a method that yields quantitative solutions through optimisation analysis of a basic product design incorporating life-cycle considerations. We consider two types of optimisation approaches that have different aims, namely, (1) to reduce the use of raw materials and energy consumption and (2) to facilitate the reuse of the product or its parts when it reaches the end of its useful life. We also focus on how the optimisation results differ according to the approach used, from the viewpoint of the 3R concept (Reduce, Reuse and Recycling). Our method obtains optimum solutions by evaluating objectives fitted to each of these two optimisation approaches with respect to the product's life-cycle stages, which are manufacturing, use, maintenance, disposal, reuse and recycling. As an applied example, a simple linear robot model is presented, and Pareto optimum solutions are obtained for the multiobjective optimisation problem whose evaluated objectives are the operating accuracy of the robot and the different life-cycle costs for the two approaches. The characteristics of the evaluated objectives and design variables, as well as the effects of using material characteristics as design parameters, are also examined.     

Beyond behaviour change: technological artefacts and characterological development

Addressing the root causes of (un)sustainability entails fundamentally changing our ways of living. This requires going beyond technology and behaviour-oriented approaches common under the umbrella of sustainable development (SD). More fundamental change is required to increase the possibility of realizing ecological and psychological well-being. Here, such change is conceptualized as ‘characterological change’. Next to SD another domain is introduced: characterological development (CD). The potential role of design-interventions in CD is explored in this article. Two studies were conducted, a literature study and experts interviews, covering the fields of Design for Sustainable Behaviour, Persuasive Technology, Practice-Oriented Design and Philosophy of Technology. The literature study shows that current research and interventions predominantly fall within the domain of SD, leaving character and related notions largely unaddressed. The expert interviews (n = 10) show a consensus that (design) research concerning the relation between technological artefacts and human character would be valuable. Research challenges and opportunities for design towards ‘living the good life within ecological means’ are discussed.     

"双高"产品名录的制定与农药行业环境保护

论述了<"高污染、高环境风险"产品名录>(以下简称"双高"产品名录)制定的背景、依据与原则,以及演化过程,重点介绍了农药行业"双高"产品名录制定的意义、进展,以及对农药行业发展的影响等.